1.
Holmes G, University of Oxford. The Oxford illustrated history of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988.
2.
Allen, S. J., Amt, Emilie. The Crusades: a reader. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press; 2010.
3.
Constable, Olivia Remie. Medieval Iberia: readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish sources. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2012.
4.
Gabrieli, Francesco. Arab historians of the Crusades. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1969.
5.
Gabrieli F. Arab historians of the Crusades [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2009. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203092507
6.
Hallam, Elizabeth M. Chronicles of the Crusades: ey-witness accounts of the wars between Christianity and Islam. New York: Welcome Rain; 2000.
7.
Smith, Colin. Christians and Moors in Spain: Vol.1: 711-1150. Warminster: Aris & Phillips; 1988.
8.
Smith, Colin. Christians and Moors in Spain: Vol.2: 1195-1614. Warminster: Aris & Phillips; 1989.
9.
Loud, G. A. Roger II and the making of the kingdom of Sicily. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2012.
10.
Wolf, Kenneth Baxter. Conquerors and chroniclers of early medieval Spain. 2nd ed. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; 1999.
11.
Brown, Peter. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000 [Internet]. Tenth Anniversary Revised Edition. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9781118338810
12.
Early medieval Spain: unity in diversity, 400-1000. 2nd edition. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 1995.
13.
Fletcher, R. A. Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix; 1994.
14.
Horden, Peregrine, Purcell, Nicholas. The corrupting sea: a study of Mediterranean history. Oxford: Blackwell; 2000.
15.
Kaegi, Walter Emil. Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.
16.
Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century [Internet]. 2nd ed. Harlow: Pearson Longman; 2004. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9781405898522
17.
Herrin, Judith. Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 2007.
18.
Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Haldon, John F., Cormack, Robin. The Oxford handbook of Byzantine studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
19.
Scorpo, AL. Religious Frontiers and Overlapping Cultural Borders: The Power of Personal and Political Exchanges in the Works of Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284). Al-Masāq - Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean. 2011;23(3):216–235.
20.
Metcalfe, A. The Muslims of medieval Italy [Internet]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 2009. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780748629114
21.
Tyerman, Christopher. The invention of the Crusades. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1998.
22.
Wickham, Chris. Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800 [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191514197
23.
Wood J. Defending Byzantine Spain: frontiers and diplomacy. Early Medieval Europe. 2010 Jul 22;18(3):292–319.
24.
Constantelos DJ. Paganism and the State in the Age of Justinian. Catholic Historical Review. Catholic University of America Press; 50(3):372–380.
25.
Croke B. Procopius’ Secret History : Rethinking the Date. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies [Internet]. 2005;45(4):405–431. Available from: http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/331
26.
Geoffrey Greatrex. The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies; 1997;117:60–86.
27.
John Meyendorff. Justinian, the Empire and the Church. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University; 1968;22:43–60.
28.
Price R. The Development of a Chalcedonian Identity in Byzantium (451–553). Church History and Religious Culture. 2009 Jun 1;89(1):307–325.
29.
SARRIS P. The early Byzantine economy in context: aristocratic property and economic growth reconsidered. Early Medieval Europe. 2011 Aug;19(3):255–284.
30.
Roger D. Scott. Malalas, The Secret History, and Justinian’s Propaganda. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University; 1985;39:99–109.
31.
John L. Teall. The Barbarians in Justinian’s Armies. Speculum. Medieval Academy of America; 1965;40(2):294–322.
32.
WHITTOW M. Early Medieval Byzantium and the End of the Ancient World. Journal of Agrarian Change. 2009 Jan;9(1):134–153.
33.
Williams S, Friell G. The survival of the eastern Roman empire. History Today. History Today Limited; 1998;48(11):40–46.
34.
Wood J. Defending Byzantine Spain: frontiers and diplomacy. Early Medieval Europe. 2010 Jul 22;18(3):292–319.
35.
Baynes, Norman H., Moss, H. St. L. B. Byzantium: an introduction to East Roman civilization. Clarendon Pr; 1961.
36.
Bon, Antoine. Byzantium. Nagel; 1972.
37.
Graber, Andre. Byzantium: from the death of Theodosius to the rise of Islam. Thames and Hudson; 1966.
38.
Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Haldon, John F., Cormack, Robin. The Oxford handbook of Byzantine studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
39.
Mainstone, Rowland. Hagia Sophia: architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian’s great church. London: Thames and Hudson; 1988.
40.
Lassus, Jean. The early Christian and Byzantine world. London: Hamlyn; 1967.
41.
Venning T, Harris J. A chronology of the Byzantine Empire [Internet]. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2006. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780230505865
42.
The Byzantine State under Justinian I (Justinian the Great) [Internet]. Available from: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/just/hd_just.htm
43.
Philolog: Byzantine Art as Propaganda: Justinian and Theodora at Ravenna [Internet]. Available from: http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/philolog/2006/01/byzantine_art_as_propaganda_ju.html
44.
AVNI, GIDEON. The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem (614 c.e.)--An Archaeological Assessment. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 2010;(357):35–48.
45.
Ghabban ‘Ali ibn Ibrahim, Hoyland R. The inscription of Zuhayr, the oldest Islamic inscription (24 AH/AD 644-645), the rise of the Arabic script and the nature of the early Islamic state. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 2008 Nov;19(2):210–237.
46.
Howard-Johnston J. Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the East Roman Empire, 622-630. War in History. 1999;6(1):1–44.
47.
Simonsohn U. Seeking Justice among the ‘Outsiders’: Christian Recourse to Non-Ecclesiastical Judicial Systems under Early Islam. Church History and Religious Culture. 2009 Jun 1;89(1):191–216.
48.
Simonsohn U. The Christians Whose Force is Hard: Non-Ecclesiastical Judicial Authorities in the Early Islamic Period. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 2010 Oct 1;53(4):579–620.
49.
Thomas Sizgorich. ‘Do Prophets Come with a Sword?’ Conquest, Empire, and Historical Narrative in the Early Islamic World. American Historical Review. Oxford University Press; 112(4):992–1015.
50.
Sizgorich T. Narrative and Community in Islamic Late Antiquity. Past & Present. 2004 Nov 1;185(1):9–42.
51.
John L. Teall. The Barbarians in Justinian’s Armies. Speculum. Medieval Academy of America; 1965;40(2):294–322.
52.
Armstrong, Karen. Islam: a short history. 1st pbk. London: Phoenix; 2001.
53.
Berkey, Jonathan. The formation of Islam: religion and society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
54.
Crone, Patricia. Medieval Islamic political thought. [New ed.]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 2005.
55.
Donner, Fred McGraw. The early Islamic conquests. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1981.
56.
Fisher, Greg. Between empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in late antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.
57.
Graber, Andre. Byzantium: from the death of Theodosius to the rise of Islam. Thames and Hudson; 1966.
58.
Greatrex, Geoffrey, Lieu, Samuel N. C. The Roman eastern frontier and the Persian Wars: a narrative sourcebook, Pt. 2: AD 363-630 [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2002. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203994542
59.
Hitti, Philip Khuri. History of the Arabs: from the earliest times to the present. 10th ed. London: Macmillan; 1970.
60.
Howard-Johnston JD. Witnesses to a world crisis: historians and histories of the Middle East in the seventh century [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191576089
61.
Hoyland, Robert G. Arabia and the Arabs: from the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2003. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203455685
62.
Kaegi, Walter Emil. Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.
63.
Ruthven, Malise. Islam: a very short introduction. Oxford: OUP; 2000.
64.
Sarris P. Empires of faith: the fall of Rome to the rise of Islam, 500-700 [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191617461
65.
Saunders JJ. A history of medieval Islam [Internet]. London: Routledge; 1965. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203199763
66.
Empire and emperordom from late antiquity to 799. Early Medieval Europe. 2004 Oct 4;12(4):377–387.
67.
Eisner, Jaś. Iconoclasm as Discourse: From Antiquity to Byzantium. Art Bulletin. 2012;94(3).
68.
Herrin J. THE IMPERIAL FEMININE IN BYZANTIUM. Past & Present. 2000 Nov 1;169(1):3–35.
69.
Howard-Johnston J. Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the East Roman Empire, 622-630. War in History. 1999;6(1):1–44.
70.
Loud GA. Southern Italy and the Eastern and Western empires,                              .900–1050. Journal of Medieval History. 2012 Mar;38(1):1–19.
71.
Papanikolaou, Aristotle. Byzantium, Orthodoxy, and Democracy. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 2003;71(1):75–98.
72.
ROCHE JT. In the Wake of Mantzikert: The First Crusade and the Alexian Reconquest of Western Anatolia. History. 2009 Apr;94(314):135–153.
73.
Stephenson P. BYZANTIUM TRANSFORMED, c. 950-1200. Medieval Encounters. 2004;10(1–3):185–210.
74.
Todorov B. The value of empire: tenth-century Bulgaria between Magyars, Pechenegs and Byzantium. Journal of Medieval History. 2010 Dec;36(4):312–326.
75.
Cormack, Robin, Vasilakåe, Maria, Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain). Byzantium, 330-1453. London: Royal Academy of Arts; 2008.
76.
Eastmond, Antony, James, Liz, Cormack, Robin. Icon and word: the power of images in Byzantium. Aldershot: Ashgate; 2003.
77.
Herrin, Judith. Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 2007.
78.
Hetherington, Paul, Forman, Werner. Byzantium: city of gold, city of faith. London: Orbis; 1983.
79.
Hoyland, Robert G. Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian writings on early Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press; 1997.
80.
Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Haldon, John F., Cormack, Robin. The Oxford handbook of Byzantine studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
81.
Kaegi, Walter Emil. Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.
82.
Pentcheva BV. Icons and power: the Mother of God in Byzantium. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press; 2006.
83.
Rice, David Talbot. The great palace of the Byzantine emperors: 2nd report. Edinburgh Univ.Pr; 1958.
84.
Sarris P. Empires of faith: the fall of Rome to the rise of Islam, 500-700 [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191617461
85.
Early medieval Spain: unity in diversity, 400-1000. 2nd edition. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 1995.
86.
Fletcher RA. Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix; 1994.
87.
Rubiera Mata MJ, Epalza M de. Al‐Andalus: Between Myth and History. History and Anthropology. 2007 Sep;18(3):269–273.
88.
Stearns J. Representing and Remembering al-Andalus: Some Historical Considerations Regarding the End of Time and the Making of Nostalgia. Medieval Encounters. 2009 Dec 1;15(2):355–374.
89.
Glick TF. Ethnic Relations. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages: Comparative Perspectives on  Social and Cultural Formation [Internet]. Second Revised. Brill; 2005. p. 165–193. Available from: http://libro.uca.edu/ics/ics5.pdf
90.
Smith C. Christians and Moors in Spain: Vol.1: 711-1150. Warminster: Aris & Phillips; 1988.
91.
Barton S, Fletcher RA. The world of El Cid: chronicles of the Spanish reconquest. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2000.
92.
Barton S, Fletcher RA. The world of El Cid: chronicles of the Spanish reconquest. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2000.
93.
Rose RS, Bacon L. The Lay of the Cid [Internet]. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1919. Available from: http://omacl.org/Cid/
94.
The Cid, by Corneille. A Project Gutenberg eBook. [Internet]. Available from: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14954/14954-h/14954-h.htm
95.
Barton S. El Cid, Cluny and the Medieval Spanish Reconquista. The English Historical Review. 2011 Jun 1;CXXVI(520):517–543.
96.
West G. Mediaevel Historiography Misconstrued: the Exile of the Cid, Rodrigo Díaz, and the Supposed ‘Invidia’ of Alfonso VI. Medium Aevum. 1983;52:286–299.
97.
Rodriguez-Picavea E. The Frontier and Royal Power in Medieval Spain: A Developmental Hypothesis. The Medieval History Journal. 2005 Oct 1;8(2):273–301.
98.
Fletcher RA. Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix; 1994.
99.
Housley N. The Crusades and Islam. Medieval Encounters. 2007 Jun 1;13(2):189–208.
100.
CHEVEDDEN PE. The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis. History. 2008 Apr;93(310):181–200.
101.
Hallam EM. Chronicles of the Crusades: ey-witness accounts of the wars between Christianity and Islam. New York: Welcome Rain; 2000.
102.
Internet History Sourcebooks [Internet]. Available from: http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/sbook1k.asp#The%2520First%2520Crusade
103.
Allen SJ, Amt E. The Crusades: a reader. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press; 2010.
104.
Claude Cahen. An Introduction to the First Crusade. Past & Present. Oxford University Press; 1954;(6):6–30.
105.
Chevedden PE. Crusade Creationism                              Pope Urban II’s Conceptualization of the Crusades. Historian. 2013 Mar;75(1):1–46.
106.
Latham AA. Theorizing the Crusades: Identity, Institutions, and Religious War in Medieval Latin Christendom1. International Studies Quarterly. 2011 Mar;55(1):223–243.
107.
Malik, Habib C. The Crusades between Myth and Reality Revisiting a Troubles Historiography. Theological Review. 2011;32(2).
108.
Takayama H. Frederick II’s crusade: an example of Christian–Muslim diplomacy. Mediterranean Historical Review. 2010 Dec;25(2):169–185.
109.
Pluskowski A, Boas AJ, Gerrard C. The Ecology of Crusading: Investigating the Environmental Impact of Holy War and Colonisation at the Frontiers of Medieval Europe. Medieval Archaeology. 2011 Nov;55(1):192–225.
110.
The Crusades (1095–1291) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art [Internet]. Available from: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm#slideshow4
111.
The Crusades (1095–1291) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art [Internet]. Available from: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm#slideshow4
112.
Abels R. Timeline for the Crusades and Christian Holy War to c.1350 [Internet]. 2009. Available from: http://usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh315/crusades_timeline.htm
113.
Riley-Smith JSC. The crusades, Christianity, and Islam. New York: Columbia University Press; 2011.
114.
Tyerman C. The Crusades: a very short introduction [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191517501
115.
Kienzle BM. Preaching the Cross: Liturgy and Crusade Propaganda. Medieval Sermon Studies. 2009 Oct;53(1):11–32.
116.
Birk JC. The Betrayal of Antioch: Narratives of Conversion and Conquest during the First Crusade. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. 2011 Oct 1;41(3):463–485.
117.
Shepkaru S. The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews. Medieval Encounters. 2012 Jan 1;18(1):93–135.
118.
Forey A. The military orders and the conversion of Muslims in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Journal of Medieval History. 2002 Mar;28(1):1–22.
119.
Military Orders: A Guide to Online Resources [Internet]. Available from: http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/milindex.html
120.
THE TRAVELS OF IBN JUBAYR [Internet]. Available from: http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/259/texts/jubayr.htm
121.
Hitti PK, Usåamah ibn Munqidh. An Arab-Syrian gentleman and warrior in the period of the Crusades: memoirs of Usåamah ibn-Munqidh (Kitåab al-I°tibåar). New York: Columbia University Press; 2000.
122.
CHEVEDDEN PE. The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis. History. 2008 Apr;93(310):181–200.
123.
Christie N. Jerusalem in the Kitab Al-Jihad of Ali ibn Tahir Al-Sulami. Medieval Encounters. 2007 Jun 1;13(2):209–221.
124.
Frankopan, Peter. The View from the East. History Today. 2012;62(9).
125.
Housley N. The Crusades and Islam. Medieval Encounters. 2007 Jun 1;13(2):189–208.
126.
Irwin, Robert. Muslim responses to the crusades. History Today. 1997;47(4):43–49.
127.
Moosa, M. The crusades: An eastern perspective, with emphasis on syriac sources. Muslim World. 2003;93(2):249–289.
128.
Neocleous S. Byzantine-Muslim conspiracies against the crusades: history and myth. Journal of Medieval History. 2010 Sep;36(3):253–274.
129.
Gabrieli F. Arab historians of the Crusades [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2009. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203092507
130.
Hillenbrand C. The crusades: Islamic perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1999.
131.
Maalouf A, Rothschild J. The Crusades through Arab eyes. London: Saqi Essentials; 2006.
132.
Olds C, University of Michigan. The meeting of two worlds: the Crusades and the Mediterranean context. Univ.of Michigan; 1981.
133.
Johns J, Savage-Smith E. The Book of Curiosities : A Newly Discovered Series of Islamic Maps. Imago Mundi. 2003;55(1):7–30.
134.
Metcalfe A. The Muslims of medieval Italy [Internet]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 2009. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780748629114
135.
Metcalfe A. The Muslims of medieval Italy [Internet]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 2009. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780748629114
136.
Taylor & Francis Online :: Cultural syncretism and ethnic identity: - Journal of Medieval History - Volume 25, Issue 3 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1304-4184%252899%252900002-0
137.
Johns J, Jamil N. Signs of the Times: Arabic Signatures as a Measure of Acculturation in Norman Sicily. Muqarnas. BRILL; 2004;21:181–192.
138.
Lindsay J. The Normans and their world. London: Purnell Book Services; 1974.
139.
Loud GA. The Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of England, 1066-1266. History. 2003 Oct;88(292):540–567.
140.
Mallette K. Translating Sicily. Medieval Encounters. Brill Academic Publishers; 2003;9(1):140–163.
141.
Stanton CD. Roger de Hauteville, Emir of Sicily. Mediterranean Historical Review. 2010 Dec;25(2):113–132.
142.
Taylor, J.A. Muslim-Christian relations in medieval Southern Italy. Muslim World. 2007;97(2):190–199.
143.
Helene Wieruszowski. Roger II of Sicily, Rex-Tyrannus, In Twelfth-Century Political Thought. Speculum. Medieval Academy of America; 1963;38(1):46–78.
144.
Khawater 6 01 [Internet]. 23AD. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi48GwPZ5os
145.
Wolper ES. Khir and the Changing Frontiers of the Medieval World. Medieval Encounters. 2011 Jan 1;17(1):120–146.
146.
Crawford FM. The Epistle of the monk Theodosius to the Archdeacon Leo concerning the capture of Syracuse. The Rulers of the South: Volume 2 [Internet]. 1900. p. 79–98. Available from: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/_Texts/CRAROS/2/2*.html
147.
Extract from Historia Longobardorum [Internet]. Available from: http://www.thule-italia.org/Nordica/Paul%20the%20Deacon%20-%20History%20of%20the%20Lombards%20(1907)%20[EN].pdf
148.
Jansen KL, Drell JH, Andrews F. Medieval Italy: texts in translation. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2009.
149.
Falcandus H. The history of the tyrants of Sicily by ‘Hugo Falcandus’ 1154-69 [Internet]. Robinson IS, Wiedemann T, editors. Manchester University Press; 2012. Available from: http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/mmso/9780719048944/v1n1/s4.pdf?expires=1472549996&id=88497084&titleid=75008932&accname=University+of+Lincoln&checksum=A07B79E366DD7C028B5CF39940220364
150.
Van Houts E, editor. The Normans in Europe - Manchester University Press [Internet]. Manchester University Press; 2013. Available from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mmso/16t626;jsessionid=mwx1k3u5r3w4.alice
151.
Chibnall M. The Normans [Internet]. Oxford: Blackwell; 2000. Available from: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780470692677