[1]
G. Holmes and University of Oxford, The Oxford illustrated history of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
[2]
Allen, S. J. and Amt, Emilie, The Crusades: a reader, vol. Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
[3]
Constable, Olivia Remie, Medieval Iberia: readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish sources, 2nd ed., vol. The Middle Ages series. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
[4]
Gabrieli, Francesco, Arab historians of the Crusades. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1969.
[5]
F. Gabrieli, Arab historians of the Crusades, vol. Routledge revivals. London: Routledge, 2009. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203092507
[6]
Hallam, Elizabeth M., Chronicles of the Crusades: ey-witness accounts of the wars between Christianity and Islam. New York: Welcome Rain, 2000.
[7]
Smith, Colin, Christians and Moors in Spain: Vol.1: 711-1150, vol. Hispanic classics. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1988.
[8]
Smith, Colin, Christians and Moors in Spain: Vol.2: 1195-1614. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1989.
[9]
Loud, G. A., Roger II and the making of the kingdom of Sicily, vol. Manchester medieval sources series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012.
[10]
Wolf, Kenneth Baxter, Conquerors and chroniclers of early medieval Spain, 2nd ed., vol. Translated texts for historians. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999.
[11]
Brown, Peter, The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000, Tenth Anniversary Revised Edition., vol. The making of Europe. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9781118338810
[12]
Early medieval Spain: unity in diversity, 400-1000, 2nd edition., vol. New studies in medieval history. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
[13]
Fletcher, R. A., Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix, 1994.
[14]
Horden, Peregrine and Purcell, Nicholas, The corrupting sea: a study of Mediterranean history. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
[15]
Kaegi, Walter Emil, Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[16]
Kennedy, Hugh, The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century, 2nd ed., vol. History of the Near East. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9781405898522
[17]
Herrin, Judith, Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007.
[18]
Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Haldon, John F., and Cormack, Robin, The Oxford handbook of Byzantine studies, vol. Oxford handbooks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
[19]
Scorpo, AL, ‘Religious Frontiers and Overlapping Cultural Borders: The Power of Personal and Political Exchanges in the Works of Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284)’, Al-Masāq - Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 216–235, 2011.
[20]
Metcalfe, A., The Muslims of medieval Italy, vol. New Edinburgh Islamic surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780748629114
[21]
Tyerman, Christopher, The invention of the Crusades. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.
[22]
Wickham, Chris, Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191514197
[23]
J. Wood, ‘Defending Byzantine Spain: frontiers and diplomacy’, Early Medieval Europe, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 292–319, July 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2010.00300.x
[24]
D. J. Constantelos, ‘Paganism and the State in the Age of Justinian’, Catholic Historical Review, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 372–380.
[25]
B. Croke, ‘Procopius’ Secret History : Rethinking the Date’, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 405–431, 2005, Available: http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/331
[26]
Geoffrey Greatrex, ‘The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal’, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 117, pp. 60–86, 1997.
[27]
John Meyendorff, ‘Justinian, the Empire and the Church’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 22, pp. 43–60, 1968.
[28]
R. Price, ‘The Development of a Chalcedonian Identity in Byzantium (451–553)’, Church History and Religious Culture, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 307–325, June 2009, doi: 10.1163/187124109X408069
[29]
P. SARRIS, ‘The early Byzantine economy in context: aristocratic property and economic growth reconsidered’, Early Medieval Europe, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 255–284, Aug. 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00320.x
[30]
Roger D. Scott, ‘Malalas, The Secret History, and Justinian’s Propaganda’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 39, pp. 99–109, 1985.
[31]
John L. Teall, ‘The Barbarians in Justinian’s Armies’, Speculum, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 294–322, 1965.
[32]
M. WHITTOW, ‘Early Medieval Byzantium and the End of the Ancient World’, Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 134–153, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0366.2009.00199.x
[33]
S. Williams and G. Friell, ‘The survival of the eastern Roman empire’, History Today, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 40–46, 1998.
[34]
J. Wood, ‘Defending Byzantine Spain: frontiers and diplomacy’, Early Medieval Europe, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 292–319, July 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2010.00300.x
[35]
Baynes, Norman H. and Moss, H. St. L. B., Byzantium: an introduction to East Roman civilization. Clarendon Pr, 1961.
[36]
Bon, Antoine, Byzantium, vol. Archaeologia mundi. Nagel, 1972.
[37]
Graber, Andre, Byzantium: from the death of Theodosius to the rise of Islam, vol. The arts of mankind. Thames and Hudson, 1966.
[38]
Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Haldon, John F., and Cormack, Robin, The Oxford handbook of Byzantine studies, vol. Oxford handbooks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
[39]
Mainstone, Rowland, Hagia Sophia: architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian’s great church. London: Thames and Hudson, 1988.
[40]
Lassus, Jean, The early Christian and Byzantine world, vol. Landmarks of the world’s art. London: Hamlyn, 1967.
[41]
T. Venning and J. Harris, A chronology of the Byzantine Empire. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780230505865
[42]
‘The Byzantine State under Justinian I (Justinian the Great)’. Available: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/just/hd_just.htm
[43]
‘Philolog: Byzantine Art as Propaganda: Justinian and Theodora at Ravenna’. Available: http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/philolog/2006/01/byzantine_art_as_propaganda_ju.html
[44]
AVNI, GIDEON, ‘The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem (614 c.e.)--An Archaeological Assessment.’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 357, pp. 35–48, 2010.
[45]
‘Ali ibn Ibrahim Ghabban and R. Hoyland, ‘The inscription of Zuhayr, the oldest Islamic inscription (24 AH/AD 644-645), the rise of the Arabic script and the nature of the early Islamic state’, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 210–237, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0471.2008.00297.x
[46]
J. Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the East Roman Empire, 622-630’, War in History, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–44, 1999.
[47]
U. Simonsohn, ‘Seeking Justice among the “Outsiders”: Christian Recourse to Non-Ecclesiastical Judicial Systems under Early Islam’, Church History and Religious Culture, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 191–216, June 2009, doi: 10.1163/187124109X407907
[48]
U. Simonsohn, ‘The Christians Whose Force is Hard: Non-Ecclesiastical Judicial Authorities in the Early Islamic Period’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 579–620, Oct. 2010, doi: 10.1163/156852010X529123
[49]
Thomas Sizgorich, ‘“Do Prophets Come with a Sword?” Conquest, Empire, and Historical Narrative in the Early Islamic World’, American Historical Review, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 992–1015.
[50]
T. Sizgorich, ‘Narrative and Community in Islamic Late Antiquity’, Past & Present, vol. 185, no. 1, pp. 9–42, Nov. 2004, doi: 10.1093/past/185.1.9
[51]
John L. Teall, ‘The Barbarians in Justinian’s Armies’, Speculum, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 294–322, 1965.
[52]
Armstrong, Karen, Islam: a short history, 1st pbk. London: Phoenix, 2001.
[53]
Berkey, Jonathan, The formation of Islam: religion and society in the Near East, 600-1800, vol. Themes in Islamic history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
[54]
Crone, Patricia, Medieval Islamic political thought, [New ed.]., vol. The new Edinburgh Islamic surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005.
[55]
Donner, Fred McGraw, The early Islamic conquests. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.
[56]
Fisher, Greg, Between empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in late antiquity, vol. Oxford classical monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
[57]
Graber, Andre, Byzantium: from the death of Theodosius to the rise of Islam, vol. The arts of mankind. Thames and Hudson, 1966.
[58]
Greatrex, Geoffrey and Lieu, Samuel N. C., The Roman eastern frontier and the Persian Wars: a narrative sourcebook, Pt. 2: AD 363-630. London: Routledge, 2002. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203994542
[59]
Hitti, Philip Khuri, History of the Arabs: from the earliest times to the present, 10th ed. London: Macmillan, 1970.
[60]
J. D. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a world crisis: historians and histories of the Middle East in the seventh century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191576089
[61]
Hoyland, Robert G., Arabia and the Arabs: from the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam. London: Routledge, 2003. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203455685
[62]
Kaegi, Walter Emil, Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[63]
Ruthven, Malise, Islam: a very short introduction. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
[64]
P. Sarris, Empires of faith: the fall of Rome to the rise of Islam, 500-700, vol. The Oxford history of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191617461
[65]
J. J. Saunders, A history of medieval Islam. London: Routledge, 1965. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203199763
[66]
‘Empire and emperordom from late antiquity to 799’, Early Medieval Europe, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 377–387, Oct. 2004, doi: 10.1111/j.0963-9462.2004.00143.x
[67]
Eisner, Jaś, ‘Iconoclasm as Discourse: From Antiquity to Byzantium.’, Art Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 3, 2012.
[68]
J. Herrin, ‘THE IMPERIAL FEMININE IN BYZANTIUM’, Past & Present, vol. 169, no. 1, pp. 3–35, Nov. 2000, doi: 10.1093/past/169.1.3
[69]
J. Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the East Roman Empire, 622-630’, War in History, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–44, 1999, doi: 10.1177/096834459900600101
[70]
G. A. Loud, ‘Southern Italy and the Eastern and Western empires, .900–1050’, Journal of Medieval History, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1–19, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1080/13044184.2011.640025
[71]
Papanikolaou, Aristotle, ‘Byzantium, Orthodoxy, and Democracy.’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 75–98, 2003.
[72]
J. T. ROCHE, ‘In the Wake of Mantzikert: The First Crusade and the Alexian Reconquest of Western Anatolia’, History, vol. 94, no. 314, pp. 135–153, Apr. 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.2009.00448.x
[73]
P. Stephenson, ‘BYZANTIUM TRANSFORMED, c. 950-1200’, Medieval Encounters, vol. 10, no. 1–3, pp. 185–210, 2004.
[74]
B. Todorov, ‘The value of empire: tenth-century Bulgaria between Magyars, Pechenegs and Byzantium’, Journal of Medieval History, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 312–326, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jmedhist.2010.09.004
[75]
Cormack, Robin, Vasilakåe, Maria, and Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain), Byzantium, 330-1453. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2008.
[76]
Eastmond, Antony, James, Liz, and Cormack, Robin, Icon and word: the power of images in Byzantium. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
[77]
Herrin, Judith, Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007.
[78]
Hetherington, Paul and Forman, Werner, Byzantium: city of gold, city of faith, vol. Echoes of the ancient world. London: Orbis, 1983.
[79]
Hoyland, Robert G., Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian writings on early Islam, vol. Studies in late antiquity and early Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1997.
[80]
Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Haldon, John F., and Cormack, Robin, The Oxford handbook of Byzantine studies, vol. Oxford handbooks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
[81]
Kaegi, Walter Emil, Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[82]
B. V. Pentcheva, Icons and power: the Mother of God in Byzantium. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
[83]
Rice, David Talbot, The great palace of the Byzantine emperors: 2nd report. Edinburgh Univ.Pr, 1958.
[84]
P. Sarris, Empires of faith: the fall of Rome to the rise of Islam, 500-700, vol. The Oxford history of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191617461
[85]
Early medieval Spain: unity in diversity, 400-1000, 2nd edition., vol. New studies in medieval history. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
[86]
R. A. Fletcher, Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix, 1994.
[87]
M. J. Rubiera Mata and M. de Epalza, ‘Al‐Andalus: Between Myth and History’, History and Anthropology, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 269–273, Sept. 2007, doi: 10.1080/02757200701393339
[88]
J. Stearns, ‘Representing and Remembering al-Andalus: Some Historical Considerations Regarding the End of Time and the Making of Nostalgia’, Medieval Encounters, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 355–374, Dec. 2009, doi: 10.1163/157006709X458891
[89]
T. F. Glick, ‘Ethnic Relations’, in Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages: Comparative Perspectives on Social and Cultural Formation, Second Revised.Brill, 2005, pp. 165–193. Available: http://libro.uca.edu/ics/ics5.pdf
[90]
C. Smith, Christians and Moors in Spain: Vol.1: 711-1150, vol. Hispanic classics. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1988.
[91]
S. Barton and R. A. Fletcher, The world of El Cid: chronicles of the Spanish reconquest, vol. Manchester medieval sources series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
[92]
S. Barton and R. A. Fletcher, The world of El Cid: chronicles of the Spanish reconquest, vol. Manchester medieval sources series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
[93]
R. S. Rose and L. Bacon, The Lay of the Cid. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1919. Available: http://omacl.org/Cid/
[94]
‘The Cid, by Corneille. A Project Gutenberg eBook.’ Available: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14954/14954-h/14954-h.htm
[95]
S. Barton, ‘El Cid, Cluny and the Medieval Spanish Reconquista’, The English Historical Review, vol. CXXVI, no. 520, pp. 517–543, June 2011, doi: 10.1093/ehr/cer144
[96]
G. West, ‘Mediaevel Historiography Misconstrued: the Exile of the Cid, Rodrigo Díaz, and the Supposed “Invidia” of Alfonso VI’, Medium Aevum, vol. 52, pp. 286–299, 1983.
[97]
E. Rodriguez-Picavea, ‘The Frontier and Royal Power in Medieval Spain: A Developmental Hypothesis’, The Medieval History Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 273–301, Oct. 2005, doi: 10.1177/097194580500800202
[98]
R. A. Fletcher, Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix, 1994.
[99]
N. Housley, ‘The Crusades and Islam’, Medieval Encounters, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 189–208, June 2007, doi: 10.1163/157006707X194959
[100]
P. E. CHEVEDDEN, ‘The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis’, History, vol. 93, no. 310, pp. 181–200, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.2008.00421.x
[101]
E. M. Hallam, Chronicles of the Crusades: ey-witness accounts of the wars between Christianity and Islam. New York: Welcome Rain, 2000.
[102]
‘Internet History Sourcebooks’. Available: http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/sbook1k.asp#The%2520First%2520Crusade
[103]
S. J. Allen and E. Amt, The Crusades: a reader, vol. Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
[104]
Claude Cahen, ‘An Introduction to the First Crusade’, Past & Present, no. 6, pp. 6–30, 1954.
[105]
P. E. Chevedden, ‘Crusade Creationism Pope Urban II’s Conceptualization of the Crusades’, Historian, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 1–46, Mar. 2013, doi: 10.1111/hisn.12000
[106]
A. A. Latham, ‘Theorizing the Crusades: Identity, Institutions, and Religious War in Medieval Latin Christendom1’, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 223–243, Mar. 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00642.x
[107]
Malik, Habib C., ‘The Crusades between Myth and Reality Revisiting a Troubles Historiography.’, Theological Review, vol. 32, no. 2, 2011.
[108]
H. Takayama, ‘Frederick II’s crusade: an example of Christian–Muslim diplomacy’, Mediterranean Historical Review, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 169–185, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1080/09518967.2010.540419
[109]
A. Pluskowski, A. J. Boas, and C. Gerrard, ‘The Ecology of Crusading: Investigating the Environmental Impact of Holy War and Colonisation at the Frontiers of Medieval Europe’, Medieval Archaeology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 192–225, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1179/174581711X13103897378564
[110]
‘The Crusades (1095–1291) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art’. Available: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm#slideshow4
[111]
‘The Crusades (1095–1291) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art’. Available: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm#slideshow4
[112]
R. Abels, ‘Timeline for the Crusades and Christian Holy War to c.1350’, 2009. Available: http://usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh315/crusades_timeline.htm
[113]
J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The crusades, Christianity, and Islam, vol. Bampton lectures in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
[114]
C. Tyerman, The Crusades: a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780191517501
[115]
B. M. Kienzle, ‘Preaching the Cross: Liturgy and Crusade Propaganda’, Medieval Sermon Studies, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 11–32, Oct. 2009, doi: 10.1179/136606909X12458556541176
[116]
J. C. Birk, ‘The Betrayal of Antioch: Narratives of Conversion and Conquest during the First Crusade’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 463–485, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1215/10829636-1363918
[117]
S. Shepkaru, ‘The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews’, Medieval Encounters, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 93–135, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1163/157006712X634576
[118]
A. Forey, ‘The military orders and the conversion of Muslims in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries’, Journal of Medieval History, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–22, Mar. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4181(01)00014-8
[119]
‘Military Orders: A Guide to Online Resources’. Available: http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/milindex.html
[120]
‘THE TRAVELS OF IBN JUBAYR’. Available: http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/259/texts/jubayr.htm
[121]
P. K. Hitti and Usåamah ibn Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian gentleman and warrior in the period of the Crusades: memoirs of Usåamah ibn-Munqidh (Kitåab al-I°tibåar), vol. Records of Western civilization. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
[122]
P. E. CHEVEDDEN, ‘The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis’, History, vol. 93, no. 310, pp. 181–200, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.2008.00421.x
[123]
N. Christie, ‘Jerusalem in the Kitab Al-Jihad of Ali ibn Tahir Al-Sulami’, Medieval Encounters, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 209–221, June 2007, doi: 10.1163/157006707X194968
[124]
Frankopan, Peter, ‘The View from the East.’, History Today, vol. 62, no. 9, 2012.
[125]
N. Housley, ‘The Crusades and Islam’, Medieval Encounters, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 189–208, June 2007, doi: 10.1163/157006707X194959
[126]
Irwin, Robert, ‘Muslim responses to the crusades.’, History Today, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 43–49, 1997.
[127]
Moosa, M., ‘The crusades: An eastern perspective, with emphasis on syriac sources’, Muslim World, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 249–289, 2003.
[128]
S. Neocleous, ‘Byzantine-Muslim conspiracies against the crusades: history and myth’, Journal of Medieval History, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 253–274, Sept. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jmedhist.2010.06.001
[129]
F. Gabrieli, Arab historians of the Crusades, vol. Routledge revivals. London: Routledge, 2009. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780203092507
[130]
C. Hillenbrand, The crusades: Islamic perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
[131]
A. Maalouf and J. Rothschild, The Crusades through Arab eyes. London: Saqi Essentials, 2006.
[132]
C. Olds and University of Michigan, The meeting of two worlds: the Crusades and the Mediterranean context. Univ.of Michigan, 1981.
[133]
J. Johns and E. Savage-Smith, ‘The Book of Curiosities : A Newly Discovered Series of Islamic Maps’, Imago Mundi, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 7–30, 2003.
[134]
A. Metcalfe, The Muslims of medieval Italy, vol. New Edinburgh Islamic surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780748629114
[135]
A. Metcalfe, The Muslims of medieval Italy, vol. New Edinburgh Islamic surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780748629114
[136]
‘Taylor & Francis Online :: Cultural syncretism and ethnic identity: - Journal of Medieval History - Volume 25, Issue 3’. doi: 10.1016/S1304-4184(99)00002-0. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1304-4184%252899%252900002-0
[137]
J. Johns and N. Jamil, ‘Signs of the Times: Arabic Signatures as a Measure of Acculturation in Norman Sicily’, Muqarnas, vol. 21, pp. 181–192, 2004.
[138]
J. Lindsay, The Normans and their world. London: Purnell Book Services, 1974.
[139]
G. A. Loud, ‘The Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of England, 1066-1266’, History, vol. 88, no. 292, pp. 540–567, Oct. 2003, doi: 10.1111/1468-229X.00279
[140]
K. Mallette, ‘Translating Sicily’, Medieval Encounters, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 140–163, 2003.
[141]
C. D. Stanton, ‘Roger de Hauteville, Emir of Sicily’, Mediterranean Historical Review, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 113–132, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1080/09518967.2010.540417
[142]
Taylor, J.A., ‘Muslim-Christian relations in medieval Southern Italy’, Muslim World, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 190–199, 2007.
[143]
Helene Wieruszowski, ‘Roger II of Sicily, Rex-Tyrannus, In Twelfth-Century Political Thought’, Speculum, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 46–78, 1963.
[144]
‘Khawater 6 01’. 23 AD. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi48GwPZ5os
[145]
E. S. Wolper, ‘Khir and the Changing Frontiers of the Medieval World’, Medieval Encounters, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 120–146, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1163/157006711X561730
[146]
F. M. Crawford, ‘The Epistle of the monk Theodosius to the Archdeacon Leo concerning the capture of Syracuse’, in The Rulers of the South: Volume 2, 1900, pp. 79–98. Available: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/_Texts/CRAROS/2/2*.html
[147]
‘Extract from Historia Longobardorum’. Available: http://www.thule-italia.org/Nordica/Paul%20the%20Deacon%20-%20History%20of%20the%20Lombards%20(1907)%20[EN].pdf
[148]
K. L. Jansen, J. H. Drell, and F. Andrews, Medieval Italy: texts in translation, vol. The Middle Ages series. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
[149]
H. Falcandus, The history of the tyrants of Sicily by ‘Hugo Falcandus’ 1154-69. Manchester University Press, 2012. Available: http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/mmso/9780719048944/v1n1/s4.pdf?expires=1472549996&id=88497084&titleid=75008932&accname=University+of+Lincoln&checksum=A07B79E366DD7C028B5CF39940220364
[150]
E. Van Houts, Ed., The Normans in Europe - Manchester University Press. Manchester University Press, 2013. Available: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mmso/16t626;jsessionid=mwx1k3u5r3w4.alice
[151]
M. Chibnall, The Normans, vol. The peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. Available: http://proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawsonera.com%2Fdepp%2Freader%2Fprotected%2Fexternal%2FAbstractView%2FS9780470692677
